Hi Andy, and welcome to the VMware Communities!
Thanks for the detailed post! I can easily reproduce the problem here using the information you gave.
It looks like one of the components that Preview is using (SceneKit) is not handling the lack of hardware 3D acceleration correctly (or mishandling some other attribute of the Mac OS software 3D renderer), which is the ultimate cause of the failure. A VMware Mac OS virtual machine does not have hardware 3D acceleration, and nor does a physical Mac booted in Safe Mode, so it's possible reproduce the same crash without VMware Fusion by booting a physical Apple Mac into Safe Mode (hold Shift when you press the Mac's power button to turn it on)... then try to open the same file in Preview on the host, and you'll see exactly the same failure. So it's not directly VMware Fusion's fault, although perhaps if we had 3D acceleration for Mac OS guests it might not happen in our virtual machines...
I've reported the issue to Apple with the above details.
Cheers,
--
Darius